Integration of Migrants
Annotated Analysis
Jannis Kreienkamp1
1University of Groningen
Last updated: 09 January, 2021
Note. Boxplots display the interquartile range (IQR, center box), and the whiskers extend 1.5*IQR from the lower and upper hinge. The white point indicates the mean and the white center line indicates the median.
Data Preparation
Import Data
In a first step we import the raw data of the review from the shared coding Google Sheet. We, primarily, import the database of the scale validations and the review of the empirical papers. Beyond that we also import the separate lists of codes used.
Prepare Data Frames
We then go on to clean the data sets in order to use them in later analyses and keep track of exclusion filters.
Analysis
Scale Validations
The first data set we assess is a database of scale validations. We bring together the scales suggested in previous reviews as well as validation studies we identified in our own review. Throughout our literature review we found five major reviews that reviewed the measurement of acculturation (Celenk & Van de Vijver, 2011; Maestas, 2000; Matsudaira, 2006; Wallace et al., 2010; Zane & Mak, 2004).
Exclusions
Taken together these five reviews collected a total of 197 scales, of which 75 were duplicates. From our own review we added 25 additional validation studies. After removing duplicates this meant that we considered a total of 122 unique scales for our coding. Of these scales we ultimately had to exclude 41, because they were either not accessible or did not fit the the topic of our review (see Table 1).
| Exclusion Reason | Frequency |
|---|---|
| not migration | 14 |
| items not included | 8 |
| search pending | 5 |
| not accessible | 4 |
| not found | 3 |
| not acculturation | 2 |
| majority focussed | 1 |
| not found probably the same as Tsai et al. 2000 | 1 |
| only language (no scale) | 1 |
| same as S-029 | 1 |
| uses other scale | 1 |
The remaining 87 scales are listed in Table 2.
| Scale | Reference | Source a | Affect | Behavior | Cognition | Desire | domain scale | Sample | Includes Majority | Host Country Comb | Origin Country Comb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale | Zea et al. (2003) | CEL; MAT; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | cultural identiy, language, cultural knowledge, food consumption | general | 0 | United States of America | Latinx |
| Acculturation Attitude Scale (Safdar, Struthers, & van Oudenhoven, 2009) | Safdar et al. (2009) | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | United States of America, Netherlands, United Kingdom | Iran |
| acculturation attitudes (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2007) | Arends-Tóth & Vijver (2007) | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Private domain (celebrations, eating food, child-rearing practices, cultural habits, cultural way oflife, self-reported cultural identity, and attributed cultural identity as seen by the respondent). Public domain (social contacts, friends at school, speaking the language, reading the language, education and courses, teachers, news and information, and reading newspapers). | general | 0 | Netherlands | Turkey |
| Acculturation Attitudes Scale (Sam & Berry, 1995) | Sam & Berry (1995) | CEL; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | youth | 0 | Norway | Third World |
| Acculturation Attitudes Scale-Revised | Berry (2010) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | identity | general | 1 | multiple | multiple |
| Acculturation Index (Ward & Kennedy, 1994) | Ward & Kennedy (1994) | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | any | New Zealand |
| Acculturation Index (Ward & Rana-Deuba, 1999) | Ward & Rana-Deuba (1999) | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | clothing, pace of life, general knowledge, food, religious beliefs, material comfort, recreational activities, self-identity, family life, accommodation/residence, values, friendships, communication styles, cultural activities, language, employment activities, perceptions of co-nationals, perceptions of hertiage/host nationals, political ideology, worldview, social customs | general | 0 | Nepal | any |
| Acculturation Orientation (based on Horenczyk, 1996, 2000) | Ben-Shalom & Horenczyk (2003) | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | language, friendship, culture | soldiers | 0 | Israel | former Soviet Union |
| Acculturation Questionnaire for Children | Van De Vijver et al. (1999) | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | books, learning more about a country, ethnicity of friends, importance of speaking a language, affinity to a language, place to live, ethnicity of teacher, place to work later in life, food, and games | youth | 0 | Netherlands | any |
| Acculturation Rating Scale for Arab-American-II | Jadalla & Lee (2013) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | United States of America | Arabic Countries |
| Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans | I. Cuellar et al. (1980) | CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | clinical | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans–II | Israel Cuellar et al. (1995) | CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | students | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans–Short Form | Dawson et al. (1996) | CEL; MAE; WAL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Acculturation Scale (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2000) | Arends-Tóth & Vijver (2000) | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | contact, upbringing, language, culture, education | general | 1 | Netherlands | any |
| Acculturation Scale (Cheung, 1995) | Cheung (1995) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | language use, customs, cultural value, perceived discrimination, sociability | general | 0 | New Zealand | Cambodia |
| Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 1991) | P. A. S. Ghuman (1991) | MAT | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | food, clothing, the role of women, religion, entertainment, community life | youth | 0 | United Kingdom | any |
| Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 1997) | Paul A. Singh Ghuman (1997) | CEL | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | equality of sexes, dating and marriage, living within ethnic enclaves, learning of a community language, attending mosques and watching Asian films. | youth | 0 | United Kingdom | India |
| Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 2000) | Paul A. Singh Ghuman (2000) | MAT | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | equality of sexes, dating and marriage, living within ethnic enclaves, learning of a community language, attending mosques and watching Asian films. | youth | 0 | Australia | South Asia |
| Acculturation Scale for Southeast Asians | Anderson et al. (1993) | MAE; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language, food preference | general | 0 | United States of America | Southeast Asia |
| Acculturation Scale for Vietnamese Adolescents | Nguyen & Eye (2002) | CEL; MAE; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | group interactions, everyday lifestyle, family orientation, global involvement | youth | 0 | United States of America | Vietnam |
| Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents | Unger et al. (2002) | CEL; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | friends, family activities, entertainment media | youth | 1 | United States of America | any |
| Acculturative Hassles | Vinokurov et al. (2002) | CEL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | discrimination, peer, language, family | refugee | 0 | Russia, United States of America | former Soviet Union |
| Acculturative Stress Inventory for Children | Suarez-Morales et al. (2007) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | stress (neg.) | youth | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Acculturative Stress Scale | Snyder (1987) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | familial, marital, social, financial, and environmental | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Adopt and Keep Scale | Swaidan et al. (2006) | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | United States of America | Middle East, Asia |
| American and Puerto Rican Cultural Involvement Scales | Cortés et al. (1994) | MAT; WAL | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | United States of America | Puerto Rico |
| Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale | Gim Chung et al. (2004) | CEL; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | cultural identiy, language, cultural knowledge, food consumption | students | 0 | United States of America | Asia, South Korea |
| Asian Values Scale | B. S. K. Kim et al. (1999) | MAT; ZAN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | values | students | 1 | United States of America | Asia |
| Behavioral Acculturation Scale | J. Szapocznik et al. (1978) | MAE; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | language, daily customs and habits, idealized lifestyle | general | 1 | United States of America | Cuba |
| Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-1) | Benet-Martínez & Haritatos (2005) | CEL | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | cultural identity | general | 0 | United States of America | China |
| Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-2) | Huynh et al. (2018) | CEL | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | cultural identity | students | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire | José Szapocznik et al. (1980) | CEL; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | language, daily customs and habits, idealized lifestyle | youth | 0 | United States of America | Cuba, Hispanic |
| Biculturalism/Multiculturalism Experience Inventory | M. Ramirez (1983) | MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | socialization and educational experiences, interpersonal interactions, and experiences in situations related to school, political, athletic, religious, family, and recreational spheres | general | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Bidimensional Acculturation Scale | Jang et al. (2007) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language, media consumption, food consumption, social relations, sense of belonging, and familiarity with culture | general | 0 | United States of America | South Korea |
| Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics | Marín & Gamba (1996) | CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | language use, language proficiency, media | general | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Brief Acculturation Scale | Meredith et al. (2000) | CEL; MAE; MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language, identity | general | 0 | United States of America | Japan |
| Brief Acculturation Scale for Hispanics | Norris et al. (1996) | CEL; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | language, closeness | youth | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Chicano Adolescent Acculturation Scale | Olmedo & Padilla (1978) | MAE; WAL | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | youth | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Children’s Acculturation Scale | Franco (1983) | CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | youth | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Children’s Hispanic Background Scale | Martinez et al. (1984) | CEL; WAL; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language use, food preference, cultural exposure | youth | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Cultural Health Attributions Questionnaire | Murguía et al. (2000) | WAL | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | cultural health beliefs | general | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Cultural Life Styles Inventory | Mendoza (1989) | CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language use, extrafamilial language use, so-cial affiliation, cultural familiarity, and cultural identification and pride | general | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Cultural Readjustment Rating Questionnaire | Spradley & Phillips (1972) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | students | 1 | United States of America | China |
| Cultural Values Conflict Scale | Inman et al. (2001) | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | dating/premarital sexual relations;, marriage, family relations, sex role expectations, communality estimates | women | 0 | United States of America | South Asia |
| Culture Shock Questionnaire | Mumford (1998) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | stress | general | 0 | any | United Kingdom |
| East Asian Acculturation Measure | Barry (2001) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | United States of America | China, Japan, South Korea |
| European American Value Scale for Asian Americans | Wolfe et al. (2001) | MAT | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | values | students | 1 | United States of America | Asia |
| General Ethnicity Questionnaire (Tsai, Ying, & Lee 2000) | Tsai et al. (2000) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | language use and proficiency, affiliation with people, participation in activities, pride in culture, exposure to culture, and preference for food | students | 0 | United States of America | China |
| Greek-American Acculturation Scale | Harris & Verven (1996) | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | language, values, identification, comfort, pride | general | 1 | United States of America | Greece |
| Hazuda Scale | Hazuda et al. (1988) | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language, cultural practices, family structure | general | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Homesickness and Contentment Scale | Shin & Abell (1999) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | students | 0 | United States of America | China, South Korea |
| Immigrant Acculturation Scale | Madianos et al. (2008) | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | Greece | any |
| Integration Efforts | Guest & Stamm (1993) | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Social, residential, personal | general | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale (ICAPS) | Matsumoto et al. (2001) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Emotional regulation, Openness, Flexibility, Creativity | general | 0 | United States of America | Japan |
| Internal-External Ethnic Identity Measure | Kwan & Sodowsky (1997) | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | food, damily, social contacts, community, values | general | 0 | United States of America | China |
| Italian Ethnic Identity Measure | Laroche et al. (2005) | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language, media, family, attachment | general | 0 | Canada | Italy |
| Italian-Canadian Acculturation Scale (Kim, Laroche, & Tomiuk, 2001) | C. Kim et al. (2001) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language use, mass media exposure, social interactions, identification, attachment | general | 0 | Canada | Italy |
| Language-based Acculturation Scale | Deyo et al. (1985) | CEL; MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language | clinical | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Language, Identity, and Behavioral Acculturation Scale | Birman et al. (2002) | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | refugee students | 0 | United States of America | former Soviet Union |
| Latino/Latina Acculturation Scale | Felix-Ortiz et al. (1994) | WAL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | value/attitude, Perceived Discrimination, Feminism, Respeto, Activism, Affiliation; Familiarity with Culture, Language Preference, Language Proficiency | students | 0 | United States of America | Latinx |
| Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area-Acculturation Scale | Burnam et al. (1987) | MAE; WAL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | language familiarity and usage, ethnic interaction, activities reflecting cultural traditions and lifestyle, ethnic identification, ethnic background | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Media Acculturation Scale | A. G. Ramirez et al. (1986) | CEL; WAL; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | language | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Mexican American Acculturation Scale | Montgomery (1992) | MAE; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | students | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Multicultural Acculturation Scale | Wong-Rieger & Quintana (1987) | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 1 | United States of America | Southeast Asia, Latinx |
| Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory | Rodriguez et al. (2002) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Scale | Jibeen & Khalid (2010) | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, work, Homesickness, Language | general | 0 | Canada | Pakistan |
| Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure | Phinney (1992) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | identity | students | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs | Cuéllar et al. (1995) | MAT; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | values, beliefs | students | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Pan-Acculturation Scale (Soriano, 1999) | Soriano (1999) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Language use, values and beliefs, social environment, ethnic identity, cultural traditions and practices | youth | 0 | United States of America | Latinx |
| Psychological Acculturation Scale | Tropp et al. (1999) | CEL; MAE; MAT | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | United States of America | Latinx |
| Relative Acculturation Extended Model Scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes) | Navas et al. (2007) | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | work, economic, social relations, family relations, religion, and ways of thinking | general | 1 | Spain | Morocco, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Satisfaction With Migration Life Scale | Neto & Fonseca (2016) | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | life satisfaction | general | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Scale of Acculturation | Rissel (1997) | CEL; MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language, identity | general | 0 | Australia | Arabic Speaking |
| Short Acculturation Scale | Wallen et al. (2002) | CEL; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language | women | 0 | United States of America | Central America |
| Short Acculturation Scale for Filipino Americans | Cruz et al. (2000) | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | language, social interaction, children | experts | 0 | United States of America | Philippines |
| Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanic Youth | Barona & Miller (1994) | CEL; MAE; WAL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language, social interaction | youth | 1 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics | Marin et al. (1987) | CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Language Use, Media, Ethnic Social Relations | general | 1 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Sociocultural Adaptation Scale | Ward & Kennedy (1994) | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | general | 0 | any | New Zealand |
| Spheres of sociocultural adjustment | Lissitsa & Peres (2011) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Current socio-economic status, host culture, host identification, Affinity to hertitage culture, Housing, Social relations, Children’s schooling, Psychological integration, Basic language proficiency, Political integration, Preservation of socio-economic status, Adopting host life style | general | 1 | Israel | Russia |
| Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale | Stephenson (2000) | CEL; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language, interaction, media, food | general | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Strategies of Acculturation Scale | Eshel & Rosenthal-sokolov (2000) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | general | youth | 0 | Israel | Russia |
| Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale | Suinn et al. (1992) | CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | language choice, identity, friendship choice, acculturative behaviours, generation/geographic background, and attitudes | students | 0 | United States of America | Asia |
| Taiwan Aboriginal Acculturation Scale | Cheng & Hsu (1995) | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | general | 0 | Taiwan | East Asia & Pacific |
| Trinity Acculturation Scale | Curran (2003) | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | general | 0 | United Kingdom | Ireland |
| Value Acculturation Scale | J. Szapocznik et al. (1978) | MAE; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | values | general | 1 | United States of America | Cuba |
| Vancouver Index of Acculturation | Ryder et al. (2000) | CEL; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | values, social relationships, traditions, entertainment | general | 1 | Canada | China |
| Virgin Island Acculturation Scale (Tull, Ambrose, & Chambers, 2003) | Tull et al. (2003) | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | government responsibility, holiday celebrations, economic principles, child rearing practices, social customs, sporting | general | 0 | United States Virgin Islands | African Cribbean |
| a CEL = Celenk & Van de Vijver (2011), MAE = Maestas (2000), MAT = Matsudaira (2006), WAL = Wallace et al. (2010), ZAN = Zane & Mak (2004), OWN = own review (only additional) |
Interest over time
Of the scale we included we also plotted the publication years of the scale validations in order to gain an understanding of the interest in scale development over time.
Sample
The study sample a scale is validated in can be fairly important if one plans to use a scale for a context-specific phenomenon such as a cultural adaptation of two specific cultures. We, therefore, coded the type of sample the original authors used in their validation studies (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Bar graph of the study samples used in the original validation studies.
The category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult could participate in the study.
Dimensions
One major focus of our coding efforts was put on identifying the phenomenological dimensions that were assessed by each individual scale. Based the ABCD framework of human experiences, we independently distinguished between emotional (affect), behavioral, cognitive, and need-based measurements of of acculturation. Examples of concepts that fell into the individual dimensions are shown in Table 3:
| Dimension | Concept | Wording |
|---|---|---|
| Affect | belonging, loneliness, satisfaction | “I feel …,” |
| Behavior | language learning, media consumption, voting | “I do …,” “I speak …,” “I meet …” |
| Cognition | cultural identification, cultural values, attitude towards majority | “I prefer …,” “I think …,” “I identify as …” |
| Desire | needs, goals, wants | “I want …,” “I would like to …,” “I need …” |
Note that this also means that we do not include scales that measure aspects of acculturation that do can be measured without consideration of the individual’s experiences, such as physical changes, cultural changes, or societal changes.
Figure 2 shows how often each of the dimensions was coded.
Figure 2: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions.
We also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies is shown Figure 3 and a network graph of frequencies and co-occurrences is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.
Figure 4: Network graph of the dimension frequencies and co-occurences. The nodes (i.e., circles) represent the concepts so that the size of the circle indicates the number of times concept was coded and the edges (i.e., connections) represent the co-occurences so that the width of the line indicates how often the concepts were measured in one scale.
Domains
Acculturation can happen in different life domains (e.g., Arends-Tóth & Vijver, 2007; Zane & Mak, 2004). We coded which life domains the scales referred to, either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Figure 5).
Figure 5: Wordcloud of the validation scale domains.
Countries
We also coded the cultural context the scales were validated in. We coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receivong society in which the study was conducted (see Figure 6).
Figure 6: Bar graph of study counts for the individual host countries and countries of origin.
Empirical: General
After analysis of the scales validations, we assessed the empirical papers we collected for the systematic review.
Exclusions
The search produced a total of 484 results. We subsequently screened out results that did not fit into our review. We excluded 92 results in the title screening (for exclusion reasons see Table 4) as well as an additional 126 results during the abstract screening (for exclusion reasons see Table 5).
| Exclusion Reason | Frequency |
|---|---|
| not migration | 36 |
| not acculturation | 19 |
| not experience | 19 |
| not migrant | 17 |
| Exclusion Reason | Frequency |
|---|---|
| not acculturation | 49 |
| not migration | 27 |
| not experience | 24 |
| not migrant | 18 |
| not measured | 8 |
| re-migration | 1 |
Of the remaining 266 results, 259 papers presented empirical work on acculturation and were coded. The 7 non-empirical results were reviews, which were not coded because they did not fit into our coding schema. During the full text coding we excluded an additional 26 results were dropped because they were either not relevant or were not accessible (for exclusion reasons see Table 6).
All included works are listed in the Online Coding Database.
| Exclusion Reason | Frequency |
|---|---|
| thesis not available | 13 |
| book not accessible | 4 |
| items not available | 4 |
| article not accessible | 2 |
| not measure acculturation | 1 |
| review | 1 |
| should still be coded | 1 |
Figure 7: PRISMA diagram.
Publication Type
A majority of the results were journal articles but we also reviewed a number of theses and book chapters (see Table 7).
| Publication Type | Frequency |
|---|---|
| journalArticle | 192 |
| thesis | 37 |
| bookSection | 4 |
A majority of the empirical papers were quantitative assessments of acculturation (for an overview of the data collection types see Table 8).
| Data Type | Frequency |
|---|---|
| quantitative | 205 |
| mixed method | 14 |
| qualitative | 11 |
| Review | 3 |
Terms used
The field of acculturation has been using a variety of terms to describe the process of cultural adaptation. We list the terms the authors used in their paper to refer to cultural adaptation in Table 9.
| Term | Frequency |
|---|---|
| acculturation | 149 |
| acculturation attitudes | 9 |
| integration | 7 |
| aculturative stress | 6 |
| adaptation | 6 |
| assimilation | 6 |
| adjustment | 5 |
| psychological adjustment | 5 |
| sociocultural adjustment | 5 |
| acculturation strategies | 4 |
| social integration | 4 |
| acculturation orientation | 3 |
| acculturation preferences | 3 |
| acculturation patterns | 2 |
| americanization | 2 |
| emotional acculturation | 2 |
| acculturation and enculturation | 1 |
| acculturation and ethnic identity | 1 |
| acculturation, acculturative stress | 1 |
| acculturative adjustment | 1 |
| acculturative orientation | 1 |
| attachment to the nation | 1 |
| cultural identification | 1 |
| cultural transition | 1 |
| ethnic identity | 1 |
| immigation success | 1 |
| interactive acculturation | 1 |
| intercultural adjustment | 1 |
| mental health | 1 |
| psychological and sociocultural adjustment | 1 |
| social integration stressors | 1 |
Measure used
We list the measures used by the authors in Table 10. Note that a majority of the measurements are not previously standardized and are not shared across articles.
| Term | Frequency |
|---|---|
| acculturation orientation/acculturation strategy | 10 |
| language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 8 |
| vancouver index of acculturation | 8 |
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale | 7 |
| stephenson multigroup acculturation scale | 7 |
| suinn-lew asian self identity acculturation scale | 7 |
| acculturation attitudes scale | 5 |
| acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii | 5 |
| short acculturation scale for hispanics | 5 |
| acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) | 4 |
| iranian acculturation scale | 4 |
| relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes) | 4 |
| behavioral acculturation scale | 3 |
| cultural lifestyle inventory | 3 |
| immigrant acculturation scale | 3 |
| mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale | 3 |
| acculturation index | 2 |
| acculturation preferences | 2 |
| acculturation strategies scale (modified; kosic, 1998) | 2 |
| assimilation scale | 2 |
| bidimensional acculturation scale | 2 |
| east asian acculturation measure | 2 |
| emotional acculturation | 2 |
| general acculturation attitudes | 2 |
| identity style inventory cultural transition | 2 |
| lowlands acculturation scale | 2 |
| multidimensional acculturative stress scale | 2 |
| multigroup ethnic identity measure revised | 2 |
| psychological acculturation scale | 2 |
| social readjustment rating scale | 2 |
| socio-cultural adaptation scale | 2 |
| structured interview | 2 |
| 2 measures - attitudes (intrinsic) & extrinsic cultural traits | 1 |
| accultuation orientation (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2004) | 1 |
| acculturation attitude scale (berry, 1989) | 1 |
| acculturation attitude scale (sam, 1995) | 1 |
| acculturation attitudes | 1 |
| acculturation experiences | 1 |
| acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994) | 1 |
| acculturation orientation (based on horenczyk, 1996, 2000) | 1 |
| acculturation rating scale for arab-american-ii | 1 |
| acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii (language sub-scale) | 1 |
| acculturation scale (acc) | 1 |
| acculturation scale (cheung, 1995) | 1 |
| acculturative stress, subjective well-being, flourishing | 1 |
| adult acculturation and resiliency scale | 1 |
| affective adjustment | 1 |
| american and puerto rican cultural involvement scales | 1 |
| asian american multidimensional acculturation scale (aamas; chung, kim, & abreu, 2004) | 1 |
| attitudes towards majority culture, identification | 1 |
| background information, heritage culture maintenance, mobility strategies and personal ability, perceived justice, self-perceptions, community contacts | 1 |
| behavioral and psychological acculturation | 1 |
| belonging, cultural memory (identity and difference cultural), empathy and reciprocity, perfection of speech, adaption | 1 |
| bicultural identification | 1 |
| bicultural involvement and adjustment scale | 1 |
| bicultural stress scale | 1 |
| bidimensional model of acculturation for korean american older adults | 1 |
| brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans | 1 |
| cultural adherence | 1 |
| cultural identity, feeling at home, well-being, perception of host society’s attitudes and policies toward them | 1 |
| cultural maintenance and adoptation | 1 |
| cultural practice, and social networks | 1 |
| degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems | 1 |
| demands of immigration scale | 1 |
| economic integration, selective cultural assimilation | 1 |
| economic success, psychological well-being (sense of belonging, life satisfaction) | 1 |
| emotional patterns questionnaire | 1 |
| ethnic identification, language proficiency | 1 |
| ethnic identity questionnaire | 1 |
| european-american values scale for asian-americans - revised & asian-american values scale - revised | 1 |
| frankfurt acculturation scale | 1 |
| geriatric depression scale - 30 | 1 |
| global acculturation index | 1 |
| host community acculturation scale & immigrant acculturation scale | 1 |
| immigration policy lab (ipl) integration index | 1 |
| indonesian acculturation rating scales (iars, modified from arsma-ii) | 1 |
| integration effort | 1 |
| intention to return home, agreement with native values & political identification | 1 |
| intercultural adjustment potential scale (icaps) | 1 |
| intercultural strategies (assimilation, integration) | 1 |
| inventory of student adjustment, sociocultural adjustment scale, australian cultural knowledge (ack) questionnaire, cultural identiy subscale of collective self-esteem scale | 1 |
| italian-canadian acculturation scale (kim, laroche, & tomiuk, 2001) | 1 |
| japanese american acculturation scale | 1 |
| korean acculturation scale | 1 |
| korean version of the acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii | 1 |
| language acquisition, dual national identity, realised expectations | 1 |
| language barriers, and getting used to life in australia | 1 |
| language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice | 1 |
| language fluency, prior employment | 1 |
| language proficiency | 1 |
| language proficiency and length of residence | 1 |
| language proficiency, language use, preferred language, food preferences, ethnicity of social contacts | 1 |
| language proficiency, languages use, preferred languages for media, food preference, ethnicity of close friends | 1 |
| language proficiency, length of residency, utilization of societal resources etc. | 1 |
| language proficiency, personal preference, social affiliation, lifestyle, and attachment to values and traditions | 1 |
| language proficiency, social support, cultural distance, contact | 1 |
| language use, media behavior, social customs, social contacts, cultural identity, generational status | 1 |
| language, number of years in new country, identity | 1 |
| learn the values, behaviors, life styles, and language of the host culture | 1 |
| learning language, navigation, regulations | 1 |
| leisure participation | 1 |
| life satisfaction index a | 1 |
| locus of control, giving and receiving, individualism-collectivism, | 1 |
| mace’s (2004) acculturation index | 1 |
| male arab acculturation scale | 1 |
| modified suinn-lew asian self-identity acculturation scale | 1 |
| multicultural acculturation questionnaire | 1 |
| multicultural ideology scale | 1 |
| multidimensional acculturation | 1 |
| multidimensional acculturative stress inventory | 1 |
| multigroup ethnic identity measure | 1 |
| number of initial pleasant experiences, percentage of initial experiences which were unpleasant, number of’ problems encountered upon arrival, satisfaction with friends, satisfaction with job, satisfaction with school, satisfaction with recreation, task competence, interpersonal comfort, recent symptoms, chronic symptoms, cultural competence (english vocabulary, number series, knowledge of australian slang, knowledge of australian culture - geography, history, politics, and celebrities) | 1 |
| palmer et al.’s 2007 acculturation scale | 1 |
| pan-acculturation scale (soriano, 1999) | 1 |
| participation and identification | 1 |
| perfectionism, coping, problem solving, acculturation stress, self-esteem, distress, language proficiency, social support | 1 |
| phenomenon that occurs in multilingual and multicultural contexts over a period of time, causing alterations in the cultures involved in the process or creating a new “third” culture | 1 |
| pooyan behavioral scale | 1 |
| proportion of native friends, feelings of inclusion, satisfaction with employment, accommodation, and life | 1 |
| psychological acculturation scale, massachusetts hispanic elderly study acculturation scale | 1 |
| psychological adaptation, socio-cultural adjustment scale, economic adaptation | 1 |
| psychological well-being questionnaire, emotional state questionnaire, satisfaction level questionnaire, 90-symptom checklist | 1 |
| reactions to assimilation expectations | 1 |
| revised haitian acculturation scale | 1 |
| satisfaction with migration life scale | 1 |
| self-esteem, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, depression (reversed), anxiety (reversed), loneliness (reversed) | 1 |
| short acculturation scale (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) | 1 |
| short acculturation scale for filipino americans | 1 |
| social adaptation structured interview, social adjustment questionnaire | 1 |
| social integration | 1 |
| social integration in the community scale (from pcsq) | 1 |
| social markers of acculturation | 1 |
| social support list - interactions scale | 1 |
| social, attitudinal, familial, and environmental (safe) acculturative stress scale | 1 |
| sociocultural difficulties (unclear origin) | 1 |
| spheres of sociocultural adjustment | 1 |
| strategies of acculturation scale | 1 |
| symptom checklist-90-revised scale, satisfaction with live scale, riverside acculturation stress inventory, bicultural identity integration scale | 1 |
| teacher’s report of academic average, fluency and achievement in local language, participation and achievment in sports and recreation, interaction with peers, popularity among peers, class participation | 1 |
| the saudi - canada adaptation questionnaire (scao) | 1 |
| time in country, maintanance hertiage culture, adaptation host culture, social support migrant community, social support host community | 1 |
| time in country, value host culture, value heritage culture | 1 |
| trinity acculturation scale | 1 |
| van manen’s approach to phenomenology | 1 |
| vancouver index of acculturation - arab version | 1 |
| virgin island acculturation scale (tull, ambrose, & chambers, 2003) | 1 |
To Do!
It seems as if there are still some inconsistencies and spelling problems in the terms and measures.
Interest over time
As with the validation scales we used the publication year of the articles, theses, book chapters to visualize empirical interest in the topic of acculturation over time. We offer a global, developmental overview of the field in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.
We additionally assessed empirical developments in terms of publication type (see Figure 9) and data collection type (see Figure 10).
Figure 9: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by type of publication.
Figure 10: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by data collection method.
Sample
To gain a deeper understanding of the study setups in the empirical studies we coded the type of sample recruited (Figure 11).
Figure 11: Bar graph of the study samples used in the empirical studies.
Again the category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult would be able to participate in the study.
Beyond the sample group itself we also coded which time point in the migration process was targeted. Table 11 showcases that an overwhelming majority of studies targets migrants only after they had left their country of origin.
| Migration Time | Frequency |
|---|---|
| post | 224 |
| pre & post | 6 |
| potential | 1 |
Additionally, only a minority of studies included data on the acculturation process from the majority and migrant perspective jointly (see Table 12).
| Majority members | Frequency |
|---|---|
| no | 206 |
| yes | 25 |
Dimensions
Again, a major focus of our coding was the role of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires in the measurement of acculturation. Based the ABCD framework of human experiences, we independently distinguished between emotional (affect), behavioral, cognitive, and need-based measurements of of acculturation.
Figure 12 shows how often each of the four dimensions was coded.
Figure 12: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions across all included empirical works.
Again, we also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies is shown Figure 13 and a network graph of frequencies and co-occurrences is shown in Figure 15.
Figure 13: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.
To Do: Alternative needed (?)
Parallel coordinates plot is frequently recommended in the literature of multidimensional visualizations but does not paint a clear picture here - in my opinion. Look for alternative.
Figure 14: Parralel coordinate graph showcasing the dimension combinations.
Figure 15: Network graph of the dimension frequencies and co-occurences. The nodes (i.e., circles) represent the concepts so that the size of the circle indicates the number of times concept was coded and the edges (i.e., connections) represent the co-occurences so that the width of the line indicates how often the concepts were measured in one scale.
Domains
We, again, coded which life domains the acculturation measures referred to, either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Figure 16).
Figure 16: Wordcloud of the scale domains in empirical results.
Focus of the Paper
For the empirical works we also coded the main focus of the papers. The wordcloud of the topics illustrates that although a majority of articles also have acculturation as their main focus, health and adjustment are also fields that measured acculturation in their empirical works (see Figure 17).
Figure 17: Wordcloud of the article foci in the empirical results.
Countries
Similar as for the validation studies we again coded the cultural context the empirical studies. Again, we coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receiving society, in which the study was conducted (see Figure 18).
Figure 18: Bar graph of frequencies for host countries and countries of origin.
Analysis
Finally, we also coded what kind of analyses the authors conducted with the acculturation measurements in the empirical studies (see Table 13).
| Analysis | Frequency |
|---|---|
| regression (incl. PROCESS) | 112 |
| correlation | 29 |
| mean difference | 27 |
| SEM | 21 |
| validation | 17 |
| descriptive (static) | 6 |
| content analysis | 4 |
| N/A | 3 |
| cluster | 1 |
| lagged regression | 1 |
| longitudinal (dynamic) | 1 |
| open and axial coding, and constant comparative coding | 1 |
| participant selection | 1 |
| path analysis | 1 |
| phenomenological praxis | 1 |
| process (dynamic) | 1 |
| Social Network Analysis | 1 |
| static | 1 |
Additionally, we coded where in the model the acculturation measure was placed (see Table 14).
| Variable Type | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Predictor | 99 |
| Dependent | 72 |
| Correlation | 27 |
| Mediator | 12 |
| Predictor & Dependent | 10 |
| Moderator | 5 |
| N/A | 5 |
| selection criterion | 1 |
Empirical: Keywords & Fields
To assess the differences between fields we merged the Scimago Journal Ranking Database with our empirical review. For all available journal articles we added information on key journal metrics:
- Scimago Journal Rank Indicator (SJR, year-average weighted citations of articles published in past 3-year period)
- H Index (h number of articles that have been cited at least h times)
- Number of articles published in 2019
- Number of articles published in 2017, 2018, 2019
- Number of references in published articles (2019)
- Number of citations in 2016-2018
- Number of citable documents 2016-2018
- Average number of citations per document in a 2-year period
- Average number of references per document in 2019
- Country of publisher
- Region of publisher
- Time period of journal activity (Coverage)
- Keywords (Categories)
- Field
Journals
Note that dissertations, book chapters, and books were excluded from this analysis because data on their publishers is not readily available or unreliable. Additionally, 8 journals were not included in the Scimago database (likely because they do not have an ISSN identifier or were discontinued before 1996; see Table 15 for the missing Journals).
| Journal Name |
|---|
| Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy |
| Journal of Immigrant Health |
| Journal of Mental Health Counseling |
| Arab Journal of Psychiatry |
| The Irish Journal of Psychology |
| International Review of Applied Psychology |
| Journal of Nutrition Education |
| Archives of General Psychiatry |
This meant that we ultimately had journal metrics for 183 empirical articles. The frequencies of the journals, and a selection of their impact metrics is shown in Table 16.
| Journal | N | SJR | CitesDoc2years | Hindex | RefDoc | TotalDocs3years | PublisherCountry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Journal of Intercultural Relations | 31 | 0,721 | 2,39 | 75 | 66,32 | 163 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | 11 | 0,718 | 1,64 | 51 | 39,69 | 554 | United States |
| Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology | 8 | 1,086 | 2,45 | 106 | 60,28 | 272 | United States |
| International Journal of Social Psychiatry | 7 | 0,676 | 1,73 | 58 | 43,21 | 291 | United Kingdom |
| International Journal of Psychology | 6 | 0,651 | 1,61 | 58 | 29,74 | 212 | United States |
| Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology | 5 | 1,343 | 2,72 | 74 | 26,07 | 177 | United States |
| Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work | 4 | 0,553 | 2,04 | 27 | 46,55 | 92 | United States |
| Journal of Transcultural Nursing | 4 | 0,578 | 1,53 | 46 | 33,82 | 248 | United States |
| Journal of Community Psychology | 3 | 0,462 | 1,43 | 82 | 57,08 | 222 | United States |
| Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology | 3 | 0,283 | 0,86 | 12 | 56,94 | 55 | United Kingdom |
| American Journal of Orthopsychiatry | 2 | 0,930 | 2,41 | 91 | 37,70 | 226 | United States |
| Asian Journal of Social Psychology | 2 | 0,445 | 1,20 | 47 | 45,74 | 102 | United Kingdom |
| Australian Psychologist | 2 | 0,573 | 1,67 | 44 | 51,70 | 169 | United States |
| Cross-Cultural Research | 2 | 0,561 | 2,26 | 38 | 64,75 | 62 | United States |
| Ethnicity and Health | 2 | 0,688 | 2,85 | 54 | 46,01 | 232 | United Kingdom |
| European Journal of Social Psychology | 2 | 1,401 | 2,96 | 106 | 70,72 | 240 | United Kingdom |
| European Psychologist | 2 | 1,224 | 3,29 | 52 | 67,11 | 75 | United States |
| Hellenic Journal of Psychology | 2 | 0,165 | 0,25 | 7 | 53,82 | 48 | Greece |
| Journal of Applied Social Psychology | 2 | 0,835 | 1,89 | 104 | 61,00 | 181 | United States |
| Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology | 2 | 0,687 | 2,26 | 60 | 47,27 | 121 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied | 2 | 0,660 | 2,05 | 58 | 58,41 | 140 | United States |
| Journal of Social Psychology | 2 | 0,555 | 1,84 | 72 | 47,68 | 173 | United States |
| Psychology in Russia: State of the Art | 2 | 0,191 | 0,50 | 8 | 38,29 | 181 | Russian Federation |
| Social Behavior and Personality | 2 | 0,357 | 0,85 | 53 | 35,72 | 473 | New Zealand |
| Social Science and Medicine | 2 | 1,944 | 4,34 | 229 | 60,01 | 1594 | United Kingdom |
| Academic Psychiatry | 1 | 0,566 | 1,45 | 40 | 16,14 | 594 | United States |
| Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | 1 | 2,516 | 5,95 | 140 | 48,82 | 420 | United Kingdom |
| Aging and Mental Health | 1 | 1,053 | 2,86 | 82 | 48,50 | 549 | United Kingdom |
| AIDS and Behavior | 1 | 1,783 | 3,55 | 99 | 46,94 | 1100 | Netherlands |
| American Journal of Community Psychology | 1 | 0,829 | 2,33 | 109 | 59,36 | 263 | United States |
| American Journal of Psychiatry | 1 | 6,071 | 11,87 | 344 | 25,51 | 721 | United States |
| Archives of Psychiatric Nursing | 1 | 0,495 | 1,48 | 47 | 42,60 | 380 | United Kingdom |
| Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science | 1 | 0,461 | 1,04 | 50 | 24,84 | 86 | United States |
| Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | 1 | 1,966 | 3,71 | 109 | 40,06 | 327 | Canada |
| Career Development International | 1 | 1,052 | 3,49 | 56 | 75,17 | 119 | United Kingdom |
| Clinical Gerontologist | 1 | 0,551 | 2,04 | 30 | 40,88 | 141 | United States |
| Counseling Psychologist | 1 | 1,055 | 1,96 | 74 | 75,35 | 142 | United States |
| Culture, Health and Sexuality | 1 | 0,952 | 2,52 | 60 | 42,51 | 307 | United Kingdom |
| Current Opinion in Psychology | 1 | 1,978 | 5,05 | 33 | 48,91 | 486 | United Kingdom |
| Current Psychology | 1 | 0,506 | 3,04 | 39 | 57,06 | 569 | United States |
| Current Research in Social Psychology | 1 | 0,144 | 0,08 | 21 | 0,00 | 18 | United States |
| Eating and Weight Disorders | 1 | 0,728 | 4,07 | 41 | 44,74 | 273 | Switzerland |
| General Hospital Psychiatry | 1 | 1,430 | 3,08 | 100 | 45,33 | 292 | Netherlands |
| Hispanic Health Care International | 1 | 0,223 | 0,35 | 14 | 26,16 | 93 | United States |
| Human Organization | 1 | 0,365 | 0,83 | 51 | 60,97 | 97 | United States |
| Identity | 1 | 0,478 | 1,05 | 29 | 49,05 | 69 | United Kingdom |
| International Journal of Aging and Human Development | 1 | 0,504 | 1,52 | 55 | 45,75 | 126 | United States |
| International Journal of Behavioral Development | 1 | 1,159 | 2,21 | 86 | 47,68 | 205 | United States |
| International Journal of Hospitality Management | 1 | 2,217 | 8,43 | 106 | 76,16 | 373 | United Kingdom |
| International Nursing Review | 1 | 0,695 | 2,12 | 48 | 28,35 | 231 | United Kingdom |
| International Review for the Sociology of Sport | 1 | 0,860 | 2,65 | 54 | 61,87 | 164 | United Kingdom |
| International Review of Social Psychology | 1 | 1,103 | 3,45 | 18 | 43,33 | 48 | United Kingdom |
| International Social Work | 1 | 0,445 | 1,10 | 40 | 44,00 | 307 | United Kingdom |
| Issues in Mental Health Nursing | 1 | 0,396 | 1,12 | 57 | 33,00 | 458 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Advertising | 1 | 3,373 | 9,29 | 101 | 63,31 | 122 | United States |
| Journal of Aging and Health | 1 | 1,062 | 2,36 | 71 | 49,83 | 232 | United States |
| Journal of Cancer Education | 1 | 0,564 | 1,65 | 40 | 26,61 | 469 | United States |
| Journal of Counseling Psychology | 1 | 2,533 | 4,48 | 126 | 31,38 | 195 | United States |
| Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology | 1 | 0,505 | 1,28 | 38 | 53,74 | 82 | United States |
| Journal of Family Psychology | 1 | 1,376 | 2,41 | 115 | 31,89 | 329 | United States |
| Journal of Gerontological Social Work | 1 | 0,413 | 1,18 | 40 | 25,37 | 166 | United States |
| Journal of Happiness Studies | 1 | 1,193 | 3,20 | 67 | 65,89 | 343 | Netherlands |
| Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment | 1 | 0,300 | 0,81 | 30 | 41,25 | 213 | United States |
| Journal of Managerial Psychology | 1 | 1,046 | 2,17 | 74 | 50,80 | 156 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Mental Health | 1 | 0,910 | 2,85 | 63 | 42,29 | 289 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development | 1 | 1,314 | 2,00 | 40 | 40,67 | 50 | United States |
| Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | 1 | 0,832 | 1,85 | 118 | 38,92 | 460 | United States |
| Journal of Personality | 1 | 2,593 | 4,40 | 135 | 65,14 | 205 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | 1 | 4,539 | 7,37 | 351 | 50,77 | 341 | United States |
| Journal of physical activity & health | 1 | 0,777 | 2,05 | 68 | 39,68 | 543 | United States |
| Journal of Psychosomatic Research | 1 | 1,053 | 3,09 | 148 | 44,55 | 514 | United States |
| Journal of Social and Personal Relationships | 1 | 1,099 | 2,80 | 79 | 55,94 | 173 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of the National Medical Association | 1 | 0,355 | 1,12 | 66 | 28,77 | 201 | United States |
| Journal of Traumatic Stress | 1 | 0,939 | 2,22 | 130 | 44,67 | 259 | United States |
| Journal of Vocational Behavior | 1 | 2,210 | 5,40 | 141 | 81,80 | 242 | United States |
| Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences | 1 | 1,591 | 3,54 | 142 | 36,50 | 415 | United States |
| Leisure Sciences | 1 | 0,597 | 2,52 | 62 | 57,77 | 131 | United Kingdom |
| Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development | 1 | 0,417 | 1,96 | 46 | 46,83 | 67 | United States |
| Mental Health, Religion and Culture | 1 | 0,284 | 0,53 | 40 | 47,01 | 255 | United Kingdom |
| Open Psychology Journal | 1 | 0,236 | 0,81 | 9 | 45,70 | 63 | Netherlands |
| Personality and Individual Differences | 1 | 1,288 | 2,90 | 155 | 47,25 | 1966 | United Kingdom |
| Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | 1 | 2,082 | 3,68 | 185 | 60,51 | 355 | United States |
| Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 1 | 5,165 | 9,35 | 737 | 45,05 | 11653 | United States |
| Psicologia Conductual | 1 | 0,334 | 1,18 | 21 | 52,19 | 82 | Spain |
| Psychiatry Research | 1 | 1,019 | 2,49 | 127 | 50,21 | 2525 | Ireland |
| Psychology and Developing Societies | 1 | 0,171 | 0,35 | 17 | 50,92 | 38 | India |
| Psychology and Health | 1 | 1,007 | 2,96 | 85 | 57,90 | 269 | United Kingdom |
| Research in Nursing and Health | 1 | 0,758 | 2,39 | 81 | 36,38 | 189 | United States |
| Scandinavian Journal of Psychology | 1 | 0,794 | 1,81 | 69 | 54,71 | 221 | United Kingdom |
| Social Identities | 1 | 0,347 | 1,14 | 33 | 46,59 | 135 | United Kingdom |
| Sociological Quarterly | 1 | 0,507 | 1,14 | 58 | 65,71 | 108 | United States |
| South African Journal of Psychology | 1 | 0,378 | 1,20 | 32 | 38,28 | 145 | United States |
| Substance Use and Misuse | 1 | 0,671 | 1,71 | 76 | 48,52 | 680 | United Kingdom |
| The Lancet Psychiatry | 1 | 6,967 | 17,42 | 65 | 17,42 | 995 | United Kingdom |
| TPM - Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology | 1 | 0,350 | 1,15 | 17 | 54,26 | 101 | Italy |
| Transcultural Psychiatry | 1 | 0,630 | 2,03 | 52 | 56,51 | 126 | United Kingdom |
| Note: | |||||||
|
SJR = Scimago Journal Rank Indicator; CitesDoc2years = Average number of citations per document in a 2-year period; Hindex = H Index (h number of articles that have been cited at least h times); RefDoc = Average number of references per document in 2019; TotalDocs3years = Number of articles published in 2017, 2018, 2019 |
To gain a broad understanding of the interest development we plotted the yearly average H Index (Figure 19) and yearly average of the journals’ citations per paper over time (Figure 20). It should be noted that the citation per paper metric is based in the years of 2018/19 and might not represent the citation impact of the journals at the time of the publications. Yet the metric should offer a first insight into average level of journal outlet selected by the authors. Also note that confidence bands are only calculated for a yearly N > 1 and only displayed with two or more consecutive years of data.
Figure 19: Line graph of average H Index over time.
Figure 20: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.
Keywords
In the Scimago database each journal is assigned a set of keywords capturing their publication topics. Assessing these might offer a better understanding of the types of Journal and readership that are targeted by the authors. We assess the frequency of keyword lists (i.e., combinations of keywords, see Table 17) as well as the frequency of all available individual keywords (see Table 18).
Note on possible follow-up: It would be cool to use topic modeling (machine learning) to relate the Journal keywords to the domains and dimensions. For example, using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA).
| Keyword | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Business and International Management; Sociology and Political Science; Social Psychology | 31 |
| Social Psychology | 16 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Epidemiology | 11 |
| Psychology (miscellaneous) | 9 |
| Anthropology; Cultural Studies; Social Psychology | 8 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health | 8 |
| Nursing (miscellaneous) | 7 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) | 6 |
| Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science | 6 |
| Psychiatry and Mental Health | 5 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) | 4 |
| Clinical Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 4 |
| Education; Health (social science); Social Work | 4 |
| Social Psychology; Social Work | 3 |
| Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Cultural Studies; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 2 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous); Developmental and Educational Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 2 |
| Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous); Education; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Education; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Health (social science); History and Philosophy of Science; Medicine (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Psychiatric Mental Health | 2 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Psychology | 2 |
| Sociology and Political Science | 2 |
| Sociology and Political Science; Social Psychology | 2 |
| Aging; Developmental and Educational Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology | 1 |
| Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Anthropology; Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Anthropology; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Applied Psychology | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Cultural Studies | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Education; Life-span and Life-course Studies; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Management Science and Operations Research; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management; Social Psychology | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Psychology (miscellaneous); Social Psychology | 1 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Developmental and Educational Psychology; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Biological Psychiatry; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Business and International Management; Communication; Marketing | 1 |
| Clinical Psychology; Experimental and Cognitive Psychology | 1 |
| Clinical Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology; Gerontology; Health (social science); Life-span and Life-course Studies; Medicine (miscellaneous); Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Clinical Psychology; Gerontology; Health (social science); Social Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology | 1 |
| Clinical Psychology; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology | 1 |
| Communication; Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science; Developmental and Educational Psychology | 1 |
| Community and Home Care; Gerontology; Health (social science); Life-span and Life-course Studies; Sociology and Political Science; Geriatrics and Gerontology | 1 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education; Life-span and Life-course Studies; Social Psychology; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Developmental Neuroscience | 1 |
| Education; Applied Psychology; Developmental and Educational Psychology; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Education; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Gerontology; Psychiatric Mental Health; Psychiatry and Mental Health; Geriatrics and Gerontology | 1 |
| Health (social science); Geriatrics and Gerontology | 1 |
| Health (social science); Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 1 |
| Health (social science); Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Health (social science); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 1 |
| Health (social science); Social Work; Applied Psychology; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 1 |
| Infectious Diseases; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Social Psychology | 1 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Multidisciplinary | 1 |
| Nursing (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Work | 1 |
| Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management; Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Orthopedics and Sports Medicine | 1 |
| Psychiatry and Mental Health; Biological Psychiatry | 1 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Applied Psychology | 1 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Oncology | 1 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Social Work | 1 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Sports Science | 1 |
| Sociology and Political Science; Environmental Science (miscellaneous); Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management | 1 |
| Strategy and Management; Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management | 1 |
| Keyword | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | 76 |
| Sociology and Political Science | 48 |
| Business and International Management | 32 |
| Psychology (miscellaneous) | 30 |
| Psychiatry and Mental Health | 26 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous) | 22 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 19 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) | 18 |
| Health (social science) | 14 |
| Anthropology | 13 |
| Education | 12 |
| Cultural Studies | 11 |
| Epidemiology | 11 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 10 |
| Social Work | 10 |
| Applied Psychology | 8 |
| Clinical Psychology | 8 |
| Nursing (miscellaneous) | 8 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology | 7 |
| Geriatrics and Gerontology | 6 |
| Gerontology | 4 |
| Life-span and Life-course Studies | 4 |
| Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management | 3 |
| Psychiatric Mental Health | 3 |
| Biological Psychiatry | 2 |
| Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Communication | 2 |
| History and Philosophy of Science | 2 |
| Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management | 2 |
| Aging | 1 |
| Community and Home Care | 1 |
| Developmental Neuroscience | 1 |
| Environmental Science (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Experimental and Cognitive Psychology | 1 |
| Infectious Diseases | 1 |
| Management Science and Operations Research | 1 |
| Marketing | 1 |
| Multidisciplinary | 1 |
| Oncology | 1 |
| Orthopedics and Sports Medicine | 1 |
| Sports Science | 1 |
| Strategy and Management | 1 |
| Note that journals can have multiple associated keywords. |
Fields
Beyond the keywords, the Scimago database classifies each journal according to the field(s) that the journal aims to address. These field codes aim to capture a higher level of academic classification (than the keywords). Importantly, (1) each journal can be be classified to address multiple fields and (2) the field include codes of fields (e.g., ‘Social Sciences’) as well as sub-fields (e.g., ‘Social Psychology’). This leads to the case that there can be quite a lot of overlap between fields and journals cannot easily or readily be assessed in mutually exclusive subgroups. Yet, one of the aims of this review is to assess differences between fields and disciplines. We aim to address this issue in the following section (go to: ‘Empirical: Disciplines’). However, we first need to gain a better udnerstanding of the fields that are addressed by the journals – both jointly and generally. We list the frequencies of all unique combinations (see Table 19, as well as the overall frequencies of all available field codes (see Table 20).
| Field Combination | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences | 34 |
| Psychology | 28 |
| Medicine | 27 |
| Psychology; Social Sciences | 26 |
| Social Sciences | 10 |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology | 9 |
| Nursing | 9 |
| Medicine; Psychology | 7 |
| Medicine; Social Sciences | 5 |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences | 4 |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology | 4 |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences | 2 |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences | 2 |
| Medicine; Neuroscience | 2 |
| Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences | 2 |
| Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology | 1 |
| Business, Management and Accounting | 1 |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology | 1 |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Health Professions; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Medicine; Nursing | 1 |
| Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Multidisciplinary | 1 |
| Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Nursing; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Field | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Psychology | 116 |
| Social Sciences | 92 |
| Medicine | 60 |
| Business, Management and Accounting | 39 |
| Arts and Humanities | 20 |
| Nursing | 14 |
| Neuroscience | 3 |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 1 |
| Decision Sciences | 1 |
| Environmental Science | 1 |
| Health Professions | 1 |
| Multidisciplinary | 1 |
| Note that journals can target multitple fields. |
To gain a more intuitive understanding of how the individual codes relate to the joint journal field codes we combined the previous two tables into a single Sankey diagram (see Figure 21). By highlighting a field category (e.g., Psychology) one gains an understanding of how many journals address the field and also compare the frequency of each of the fields in comparison with one another.
To Do: Find Alternative (?)
N on either side off because Sankey flow charts originate from energy sciences where energy can’t increase without external addition. Maybe visualizations of data flow charts. They should have the same problem because the same information can to multiple targets.
Figure 21: Sankey graph showing the individual field frequencies and their combined composition in the journal codes.
Empirical: Disciplines
To summarize the articles further we then classified the field combinations into superordinate discipline codes. These discipline codes are based in part on U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP), the U.K. Higher Education Statistics Agency Joint Academic Coding System (JACS 3.0), the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC 2020), as well as the Fields of Knowledge Map from the ‘Things Made Thinkable’ initiative.
Coding
In a first step we used the highest categories available (Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Professions and Applied Sciences, Natural Sciences, Formal Sciences, and Multidisciplinary) to summarize the fields. The Scimago database included some superordinate discipline codes (i.e., Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities) so we used these if a single discipline code was chosen by a journal. We then recoded the fields that did not have a superordinate discipline code or had multiple (see Table 21, for the disciplines associated to each field combination).
| Fields | Discipline #1 |
|---|---|
| Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Health Professions; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Medicine; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Nursing; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Psychology | Social Sciences |
| Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology | Arts and Humanities |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology | Arts and Humanities |
| Business, Management and Accounting | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Medicine | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Medicine; Neuroscience | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Medicine; Nursing | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Nursing | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Multidisciplinary | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
To Do: Sankey here
This one works for Sankey diagram.
Categorization in this – highest order – manner led to the following subgroup frequencies (see Table 22):
| Discipline #1 | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Social Sciences | 113 |
| Professions and Applied Sciences | 40 |
| Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary | 17 |
| Arts and Humanities | 13 |
This higher-order discipline-coding had two major concerns. Firstly, the category of ‘Social Sciences’ was too large and heterogeneous and secondly, the medical and health related fields were not sufficiently distinguished from the other categories (i.e., either as part of ‘Social Sciences’ or ‘Applied Sciences’). We, therefore, created a second discipline coding breaking the ‘Social Sciences’ and ‘Applied Sciences’ categories into major fields (psychology; business; medicine, nursing, & health). We retained the possibility of miscellaneous social sciences, arts and humanities, as well as multidisciplinary field codes (see Table 23, for the discipline codes associated with each fields code).
| Fields | Discipline #2 |
|---|---|
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology | Psychology |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences | Psychology |
| Psychology | Psychology |
| Psychology; Social Sciences | Psychology |
| Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences | Psychology |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Health Professions; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine; Neuroscience | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine; Nursing | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Nursing | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Nursing; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Business, Management and Accounting | Business |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences | Business |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences | Business |
| Social Sciences | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Multidisciplinary | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
Re-categorization led to the following subgroup frequencies (see Table 24):
| Discipline #2 | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Psychology | 61 |
| Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary | 57 |
| Medicine, Nursing, & Health | 51 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 10 |
| Business | 4 |
Given the small number of ‘Business’ journals we reclassified these into the ‘Social Sciences (miscellaneous)’ category (see Table 25).
| Discipline #2 (adjusted) | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Psychology | 61 |
| Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary | 57 |
| Medicine, Nursing, & Health | 51 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 14 |
This coding resulted in 4 relatively well-balanced categories with non of the fields having too few observations. In the following sections we use these discipline codes to assess some general differences in assessing and addressing acculturation.
Acculturation Terms
We first assess which terms the different disciplines use most frequently to describe the cultural adaptation process. We list the main terms the authors used in their paper to refer to cultural adaptation in Table 26.
| Term | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| acculturation | 37 | 39 | 7 | 25 |
| acculturation attitudes | 5 | 4 | ||
| acculturation orientation | 2 | 1 | ||
| acculturation preferences | 2 | 1 | ||
| aculturative stress | 2 | 3 | ||
| assimilation | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| psychological adjustment | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| acculturation and ethnic identity | 1 | |||
| acculturation patterns | 1 | 1 | ||
| acculturative orientation | 1 | |||
| adaptation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| adjustment | 1 | 2 | ||
| emotional acculturation | 1 | |||
| ethnic identity | 1 | |||
| social integration | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| sociocultural adjustment | 1 | 4 | ||
| acculturation and enculturation | 1 | |||
| acculturation strategies | 2 | 2 | ||
| acculturative adjustment | 1 | |||
| americanization | 1 | |||
| cultural identification | 1 | |||
| cultural transition | 1 | |||
| immigation success | 1 | |||
| integration | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
| interactive acculturation | 1 | |||
| intercultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| mental health | 1 | |||
| psychological and sociocultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| social integration stressors | 1 |
Data Collection Methods
We then compare the data collection methods most frequently used by the authors in the different disciplines (see Table 27 and Figure 22).
| Method | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| quantitative | 56 | 42 | 12 | 54 |
| qualitative | 2 | 6 | 1 | |
| review | 2 | |||
| mixed method | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Figure 22: Stacked bar chart of data collection method by discipline.
Measures
We also assessed the use of different validated and novel measures used by authors in the various disciplines (see Table 28). Note, again, that a majority of the measurements are not previously standardized and are not shared across articles and disciplines.
| Measure | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale | 3 | 1 | ||
| acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) | 3 | 1 | ||
| acculturation attitudes scale | 3 | 2 | ||
| acculturation orientation/acculturation strategy | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| acculturation preferences | 2 | |||
| acculturation strategies scale (modified; kosic, 1998) | 2 | |||
| assimilation scale | 2 | |||
| emotional acculturation | 2 | |||
| general acculturation attitudes | 2 | |||
| relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes) | 2 | 2 | ||
| vancouver index of acculturation | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
| acculturation attitudes | 1 | |||
| acculturation orientation (based on horenczyk, 1996, 2000) | 1 | |||
| acculturative stress, subjective well-being, flourishing | 1 | |||
| adult acculturation and resiliency scale | 1 | |||
| behavioral and psychological acculturation | 1 | |||
| bicultural involvement and adjustment scale | 1 | |||
| bicultural stress scale | 1 | |||
| cultural identity, feeling at home, well-being, perception of host society’s attitudes and policies toward them | 1 | |||
| cultural lifestyle inventory | 1 | |||
| cultural maintenance and adoptation | 1 | |||
| demands of immigration scale | 1 | |||
| ethnic identification, language proficiency | 1 | |||
| ethnic identity questionnaire | 1 | |||
| european-american values scale for asian-americans - revised & asian-american values scale - revised | 1 | |||
| host community acculturation scale & immigrant acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| identity style inventory cultural transition | 1 | 1 | ||
| intercultural strategies (assimilation, integration) | 1 | |||
| japanese american acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| language, number of years in new country, identity | 1 | |||
| mace’s (2004) acculturation index | 1 | |||
| multicultural ideology scale | 1 | |||
| multidimensional acculturative stress inventory | 1 | |||
| multigroup ethnic identity measure | 1 | |||
| mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale | 1 | 1 | ||
| number of initial pleasant experiences, percentage of initial experiences which were unpleasant, number of’ problems encountered upon arrival, satisfaction with friends, satisfaction with job, satisfaction with school, satisfaction with recreation, task competence, interpersonal comfort, recent symptoms, chronic symptoms, cultural competence (english vocabulary, number series, knowledge of australian slang, knowledge of australian culture - geography, history, politics, and celebrities) | 1 | |||
| participation and identification | 1 | |||
| psychological acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| psychological adaptation, socio-cultural adjustment scale, economic adaptation | 1 | |||
| self-esteem, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, depression (reversed), anxiety (reversed), loneliness (reversed) | 1 | |||
| social integration in the community scale (from pcsq) | 1 | |||
| stephenson multigroup acculturation scale | 1 | 2 | ||
| strategies of acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| suinn-lew asian self identity acculturation scale | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| symptom checklist-90-revised scale, satisfaction with live scale, riverside acculturation stress inventory, bicultural identity integration scale | 1 | |||
| 2 measures - attitudes (intrinsic) & extrinsic cultural traits | 1 | |||
| accultuation orientation (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2004) | 1 | |||
| acculturation attitude scale (berry, 1989) | 1 | |||
| acculturation attitude scale (sam, 1995) | 1 | |||
| acculturation index | 1 | 1 | ||
| acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii | 2 | |||
| acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii (language sub-scale) | 1 | |||
| acculturation scale (acc) | 1 | |||
| acculturation scale (cheung, 1995) | 1 | |||
| affective adjustment | 1 | |||
| american and puerto rican cultural involvement scales | 1 | |||
| asian american multidimensional acculturation scale (aamas; chung, kim, & abreu, 2004) | 1 | |||
| attitudes towards majority culture, identification | 1 | |||
| background information, heritage culture maintenance, mobility strategies and personal ability, perceived justice, self-perceptions, community contacts | 1 | |||
| behavioral acculturation scale | 1 | 1 | ||
| belonging, cultural memory (identity and difference cultural), empathy and reciprocity, perfection of speech, adaption | 1 | |||
| bicultural identification | 1 | |||
| bidimensional acculturation scale | 1 | 1 | ||
| bidimensional model of acculturation for korean american older adults | 1 | |||
| brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans | 1 | |||
| cultural adherence | 1 | |||
| cultural practice, and social networks | 1 | |||
| degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems | 1 | |||
| east asian acculturation measure | 1 | |||
| economic success, psychological well-being (sense of belonging, life satisfaction) | 1 | |||
| frankfurt acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| geriatric depression scale - 30 | 1 | |||
| global acculturation index | 1 | |||
| immigrant acculturation scale | 2 | 1 | ||
| immigration policy lab (ipl) integration index | 1 | |||
| integration effort | 1 | |||
| intention to return home, agreement with native values & political identification | 1 | |||
| intercultural adjustment potential scale (icaps) | 1 | |||
| inventory of student adjustment, sociocultural adjustment scale, australian cultural knowledge (ack) questionnaire, cultural identiy subscale of collective self-esteem scale | 1 | |||
| iranian acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| italian-canadian acculturation scale (kim, laroche, & tomiuk, 2001) | 1 | |||
| korean version of the acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii | 1 | |||
| language acquisition, dual national identity, realised expectations | 1 | |||
| language barriers, and getting used to life in australia | 1 | |||
| language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice | 1 | |||
| language fluency, prior employment | 1 | |||
| language proficiency | 1 | |||
| language proficiency and length of residence | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, language use, preferred language, food preferences, ethnicity of social contacts | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, languages use, preferred languages for media, food preference, ethnicity of close friends | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, length of residency, utilization of societal resources etc. | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, personal preference, social affiliation, lifestyle, and attachment to values and traditions | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, social support, cultural distance, contact | 1 | |||
| language use, media behavior, social customs, social contacts, cultural identity, generational status | 1 | |||
| learning language, navigation, regulations | 1 | |||
| leisure participation | 1 | |||
| life satisfaction index a | 1 | |||
| locus of control, giving and receiving, individualism-collectivism, | 1 | |||
| lowlands acculturation scale | 2 | |||
| modified suinn-lew asian self-identity acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| multicultural acculturation questionnaire | 1 | |||
| multidimensional acculturative stress scale | 2 | |||
| multigroup ethnic identity measure revised | 1 | 1 | ||
| palmer et al.’s 2007 acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| perfectionism, coping, problem solving, acculturation stress, self-esteem, distress, language proficiency, social support | 1 | |||
| pooyan behavioral scale | 1 | |||
| proportion of native friends, feelings of inclusion, satisfaction with employment, accommodation, and life | 1 | |||
| psychological acculturation scale, massachusetts hispanic elderly study acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| psychological well-being questionnaire, emotional state questionnaire, satisfaction level questionnaire, 90-symptom checklist | 1 | |||
| reactions to assimilation expectations | 1 | |||
| revised haitian acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| satisfaction with migration life scale | 1 | |||
| short acculturation scale (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) | 1 | |||
| short acculturation scale for filipino americans | 1 | |||
| short acculturation scale for hispanics | 3 | |||
| social adaptation structured interview, social adjustment questionnaire | 1 | |||
| social integration | 1 | |||
| social markers of acculturation | 1 | |||
| social readjustment rating scale | 1 | |||
| social support list - interactions scale | 1 | |||
| socio-cultural adaptation scale | 1 | |||
| sociocultural difficulties (unclear origin) | 1 | |||
| spheres of sociocultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| structured interview | 1 | |||
| time in country, maintanance hertiage culture, adaptation host culture, social support migrant community, social support host community | 1 | |||
| van manen’s approach to phenomenology | 1 | |||
| virgin island acculturation scale (tull, ambrose, & chambers, 2003) | 1 | |||
| NA | 1 |
To Do!
It seems as if there are still some inconsistencies and spelling problems in the terms and measures.
Interest over time
As with the overall developments we also assessed the publication developments within the individual disciplines. Article ublication developments over time should indicate empirical interest in the topic of acculturation in the disciplines over time. We offer a global, developmental overview of the fields in Figure 23, as well as a visualization that further distinguishes between data collection types within the fields (see Figure 24).
Figure 23: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.
Figure 24: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by data collection method.
Sample
To gain a deeper understanding of the study setups in the empirical studies we coded the type of sample recruited within each of the disciplines (see Figure 25).
Figure 25: Bar graph of the study samples used in the empirical studies. Note: general = any migrant from specified country (no targeting).
Again the category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult would be able to participate in the study.
Beyond the sample group itself we also coded which time point in the migration process was targeted within each discipline. Table 29 showcases that an overwhelming majority of studies targets migrants only after they had left their country of origin.
| MigrationTime | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| post | 60 | 49 | 13 | 53 |
| pre & post | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| potential | 1 |
Similarly, only a minority of studies included data on the acculturation process from the majority and migrant perspective jointly. And there is a stark contrast between the disciplines in how many of the total papers included the majority group (see Table 30).
| Includes Majority | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no | 48 | 48 | 12 | 50 |
| yes | 13 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
Dimensions
Again, a major focus of our coding was the role of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires in the each of the disciplines. Figure 26 shows how often each of the four dimensions was coded in each of the disciplines. Note that in order better compare the disciplines we output percentages in most of the figures of this section.
Figure 26: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions across all included empirical works.
Again, we also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies in each discipline is shown Figure 27 and parallel coordinates graph is shown in Figure 28. Interestingly, there are certain dimensions and dimension combinations that are missing in some of the disciplines. There was, for example, not a single article in the psychological discipline that only measured behavioral acculturation a dimension that was important in all other disciplines.
Figure 27: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.
To Do: Alternative needed (?)
Parallel coordinates plot is frequently recommended in the literature of multidimensional visualizations but does not paint a clear picture here - in my opinion. Look for alternative.
Figure 28: Parallel coordinates plot showing all combinaitons of scale dimensions colored by discipline.
Domains
We also, again, coded which life domains the acculturation measures referred to within each of the disciplines. Again, these were life domains referred to either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Table 31 and Figure 29).
| Domain | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| general | 33 | 22 | 6 | 26 |
| Private domain (celebrations, eating food, child-rearing practices, cultural habits, cultural way oflife, self-reported cultural identity, and attributed cultural identity as seen by the respondent). Public domain (social contacts, friends at school, speaking the language, reading the language, education and courses, teachers, news and information, and reading newspapers). | 3 | 1 | ||
| cultural traditions, language, marriage, social activities, friends | 2 | 1 | ||
| stress (neg.) | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| values | 2 | |||
| work, economic, social relations, family relations, religion, and ways of thinking | 2 | 2 | ||
| adaptation | 1 | |||
| clothing, pace of life, general knowledge, food, religious beliefs, material comfort, recreational activities, self-identity, family life, accommodation/residence, values, friendships, communication styles, cultural activities, language, employment activities, perceptions of co-nationals, perceptions of host nationals, political ideology, worldview, social customs | 1 | |||
| cognitive information processing | 1 | 1 | ||
| cross-cultural contact and culture maintenance | 1 | |||
| emotional belonging | 1 | |||
| growth (pos.) | 1 | |||
| identification | 1 | 1 | ||
| identity | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| langauge, number of years in new country, identity | 1 | |||
| language skills, work, intercultural relations, discrimination, cultural/ethnic makeup of the community, identity, and well being | 1 | |||
| language use, extrafamilial language use, social affiliation, cultural familiarity, and cultural identification and pride | 1 | |||
| language, friendship, culture | 1 | |||
| language, interaction, media, food | 1 | 2 | ||
| loss, novelty, adaptation to work, adaptation to language, discrimination, and not feeling at home | 1 | |||
| N/A | 1 | 1 | ||
| personal and social adjustment | 1 | 1 | ||
| psychological, socio-cultural, economic | 1 | |||
| ? | 1 | |||
| contact, upbringing, language, culture, education | 1 | |||
| cultural identiy, language, cultural knowledge, food consumption | 1 | |||
| cultural practice, and social networks | 1 | |||
| Current socio-economic status, host culture, host identification, Affinity to hertitage culture, Housing, Social relations, Children’s schooling, Psychological integration, Basic language proficiency, Political integration, Preservation of socio-economic status, Adopting host life style | 1 | |||
| degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems | 1 | |||
| depression | 2 | |||
| Emotional regulation, Openness, Flexibility, Creativity | 1 | |||
| extrinsic and intrinsic cultural traits | 1 | |||
| foods, music, customs, language, close friends | 1 | |||
| friendship, children, cultural activity, media consumption, living in the neighbourhood | 1 | |||
| government responsibility; holiday celebrations; economic principles; child rearing practices; social customs; and sporting | 1 | |||
| integration strategies | 1 | |||
| intention to return home, values, politics | 1 | |||
| language choice, identity, friendship choice, acculturative behaviours, generation/geographic background, and attitudes | 1 | |||
| language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice | 1 | |||
| language use | 4 | 1 | ||
| language use, customs, cultural value, perceived discrimination, sociability | 1 | |||
| language use, mass media exposure, social interactions, identification, attachment | 1 | |||
| language use, social contact | 4 | |||
| language, affiliation, general | 1 | |||
| language, behaviors, social relations, sense of belonging, familiarity | 1 | |||
| language, contact, social support, cultural distance | 1 | |||
| language, employment | 1 | |||
| language, holidays, friends | 1 | |||
| language, media consumption, food consumption, social relations, sense of belonging, and familiarity with culture | 1 | 1 | ||
| language, religion, alienation and belonging, traditions, customs, media, clothing, living conditions | 1 | |||
| languages, food, close friends | 1 | |||
| leisure | 1 | |||
| life changes | 1 | |||
| life satisfaction | 1 | |||
| practical, social and interpersonal communication problems | 1 | |||
| psychological and sociocultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| psychological, economic, political, social, linguistic, and navigational | 1 | |||
| Social, residential, personal | 1 | |||
| sociocultural adaptation | 1 | |||
| success | 1 | |||
| tradition | 1 | |||
| vocational stress | 1 |
Figure 29: Wordcloud of the scale domains in empirical results.
Focus of the Paper
For the empirical works we also coded the main focus of the papers in each of the disciplines. The wordclouds of the topics within each discipline illustrate that the different disciplines also focus on different topics related to cultural adaptation (see Figure 30).
Figure 30: Wordcloud of the article foci in the empirical results.
Countries
Similar to our overall overview we also assessed whether different disciplines relied on different migrant regions or host countries. Again, we coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receiving society, in which the study was conducted for each discipline (see Table 32).
| Country | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Host | ||||
| United States | 13 | 31 | 6 | 20 |
| Australia | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| Italy | 5 | 1 | 2 | |
| Russia | 5 | 1 | ||
| Spain | 5 | 1 | 2 | |
| Canada | 4 | 2 | 3 | 11 |
| Israel | 4 | 1 | 3 | |
| Netherlands | 4 | 3 | 3 | |
| New Zealand | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| The Netherlands | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| any | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Belgium | 2 | |||
| Germany | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Greece | 2 | 2 | ||
| Switzerland | 2 | 1 | ||
| United Kingdom | 2 | 1 | ||
| Canda | 1 | |||
| France | 1 | 2 | ||
| Hong Kong | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Latvia | 1 | |||
| Mauritius | 1 | |||
| N/A | 1 | |||
| Britain | 1 | 2 | ||
| China | 1 | |||
| Finland | 1 | |||
| Northern Ireland | 1 | |||
| Norway | 1 | |||
| Singapore | 1 | |||
| South Africa | 1 | |||
| Sweden | 1 | |||
| Thailand | 1 | |||
| UK | 1 | |||
| Virgin Islands | 1 | |||
| Origin | ||||
| any | 16 | 8 | 2 | 11 |
| Latinx | 6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Africa | 4 | 1 | 3 | |
| China | 4 | 5 | 3 | 6 |
| Korea | 3 | 8 | 2 | 2 |
| Romania | 3 | 1 | ||
| Soviet Union | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| Turkey | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| Croatia | 2 | |||
| Czechoslovacia | 2 | |||
| Ethiopia | 2 | |||
| Japan | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Marocco | 2 | 1 | ||
| North Africa | 2 | 2 | ||
| Poland | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Russia | 2 | 5 | ||
| Sudan | 2 | |||
| Taiwan | 2 | |||
| Tajikistan | 2 | |||
| Uzbekistan | 2 | |||
| Vietnam | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
| Albania | 1 | |||
| Congo | 1 | |||
| Ecuador | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ecuadorian | 1 | |||
| Equador | 1 | |||
| Eritrea | 1 | |||
| former Soviet Union | 1 | 1 | ||
| Former Soviet Union | 1 | 1 | ||
| Former Soviet Union Jews | 1 | |||
| Ghana | 1 | |||
| Hispanic | 1 | 4 | ||
| Hispanics | 1 | 1 | ||
| Hong Kong | 1 | 1 | ||
| India | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Iran | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| Iraq | 1 | 2 | ||
| Kazakhstan | 1 | |||
| Kyrgyzstan | 1 | |||
| Latin America | 1 | |||
| Mexico | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Moroccan | 1 | |||
| Myanmar | 1 | 1 | ||
| N/A | 1 | |||
| New Zealand | 1 | |||
| Pakistan | 1 | 2 | ||
| Pakistani | 1 | |||
| People’s Republic of China | 1 | |||
| Phillipines | 1 | |||
| Romanian | 1 | |||
| South Korea | 1 | |||
| Sri Lanka | 1 | 1 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 1 | 2 | ||
| Syria | 1 | 1 | ||
| Turkmenistan | 1 | |||
| “visibly different” immigrants | 1 | |||
| Afghanistan | 1 | |||
| African Cribbean | 1 | |||
| Asia | 1 | 3 | ||
| Asian | 1 | 1 | ||
| Australasia | 1 | |||
| Bosnia | 1 | 2 | ||
| Brazil | 1 | |||
| Cambodia | 1 | 1 | ||
| Central America | 1 | |||
| Colombia | 1 | |||
| Cuba | 1 | |||
| Dominican Republic | 1 | |||
| East Asian | 1 | |||
| Finland | 1 | |||
| former Yugoslavia | 1 | |||
| Haiti | 1 | |||
| Hungary | 1 | |||
| Indonesia | 1 | |||
| Israel | 1 | 1 | ||
| Italy | 1 | |||
| Jamaica | 1 | |||
| Jordan | 1 | |||
| Laos | 1 | |||
| Latina | 2 | |||
| Latinas | 1 | |||
| Lebanon | 1 | |||
| Malaysia | 1 | |||
| Many | 1 | |||
| Mexican | 1 | |||
| Middle East | 1 | |||
| multiple | 1 | |||
| Muslims | 1 | 1 | ||
| non-western | 1 | |||
| Palestine | 1 | |||
| Philippines | 2 | |||
| Portugal | 1 | |||
| Puerto Rico | 1 | |||
| Russia (CIS) | ||||
| Senegal | 1 | |||
| Somalia | 1 | |||
| South Asia | 1 | |||
| spanish speaking | 1 | |||
Analysis
Finally, we also coded what kind of analyses the authors conducted with the acculturation measurements in each of the fields (see Table 33).
| Analysis | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| regression (incl. PROCESS) | 30 | 29 | 6 | 28 |
| SEM | 9 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| correlation | 8 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
| mean difference | 6 | 6 | 3 | 5 |
| descriptive (static) | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| validation | 2 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| N/A | 1 | 2 | ||
| Social Network Analysis | 1 | |||
| static | 1 | |||
| cluster | 1 | |||
| content analysis | 1 | 2 | ||
| lagged regression | 1 | |||
| longitudinal (dynamic) | 1 | |||
| participant selection | 1 | |||
| path analysis | 1 | |||
| phenomenological praxis | 1 |
Additionally, we coded where in the model the acculturation measure was placed most frequently in each of the disciplines (see Table 34).
| Variable Type | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | 23 | 32 | 4 | 21 |
| Dependent | 20 | 7 | 5 | 23 |
| Correlation | 6 | 7 | 2 | 3 |
| Mediator | 6 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Predictor & Dependent | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Moderator | 1 | 3 | ||
| N/A | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| selection criterion | 1 |
Discussion
To be written.
Notes
To Do:
- Visualize migration patterns on map (from area to area; problem: meaningfully convert regions to countries)
- Visualize ABCD co-occurrences meaningfully (alternative for network and parallel coordinates plots)
- Fix Sankey illustration
- Potentially: It would be cool to use topic modeling (machine learning) to relate the Journal keywords to the domains and dimensions. For example, using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA).
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